Arunachal Pradesh is situated in the North East India, which is a priority are minority tribal people are inhabitant. Which is international boundary and a biological hot spot, which need special attention on economically development agriculture, horticulture and animals husbandry specially in this region. Lower Subansiri District is a situated in the Central Western part of Arunachal Pradesh and the Ziro Valley is the part of it. Ziro is a Head Quarter of lower Subansiri District, which is fall under Sub-tropical and temperate forest belt in the state. Apatani community with a total population of 44,608 (Census 2011, is an inhabitant the Valley and neighboring community are like Nishi, Adi, Galo, Tagimn and Hill-Miri tribe are mostly populated are dependent on Agril./Horti/Animals Husbandry/ since ancestor, so, it need special attention toward modern system of development activities through Govt. Assistant.

A SYNOPSIS OF LOWER SUBANSIRI DISTRICT

           

            Lower Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh is laying approximately between 92º 40΄ and 94º 21΄ East Longitude and 26º 55΄ and 28º 21΄ North Latitudes. The District is bounded by Kurung-Kumey District and some part of Upper Subansiri District to the North, West Siang District and some part of Upper Subansiri District to the East, Papumpare District and State of Assam to the south and Kurung Kumey and Papumpare Districts to the West respectively.

                                                     HISTORICAL GENSIS:

The name of the District is derived from the Subansiri River, a tributary of Mighty Brahmaputra that flows through Raga Circle of this District. Till 1914, the District was a part of North Lakhimpur District of Assam. By the Government of India Notification of 1914, the area cover by this District became a part of Lakhimpur Frontier Tract of the “North East Frontier Tract”. In March, 1919, by another public Notification, the Lakhimpur Frontier Tract along with Western sector was renamed as the “Balipara Frontier Tract”. In 1946, the district area was curved out of the Balipara Frontier Tract in the name of “Subansiri Area” with its Headquarter at North Lakhimpur. In 1954, Subansiri Area was renamed as the “Subansiri Frontier Division” and its Headquarter was later transferred to Ziro. Like other part of NEFA, the District was under the Ministry of External Affairs and over-all In-charge was Political Officer. On 1st September, 1965, the Ministry of Home Affairs took over the Administrative charge of NEFA from Ministry of External Affairs and Subansiri Frontier Division was renamed as Subansiri District and Political Officer was redesignated as Deputy Commissioner, Addl. Political Officer as Addl. Deputy Commissioner, Assistant Political Officer (I) as Assistant Commissioner, Assistant political Officer (II) as Extra Assistant Commissioner and Base Superintendent as Circle Officer respectively.

            On 13th May’ 1980, Subansiri District was bifurcated into Lower and Upper Subansiri District, Upper Subansiri District was formed by covering the area of the then Daporijo Sub- Division and rest of the area of erstwhile Subansiri District was placed under Lower Subansiri. On 22nd September, 1992, Lower Subansiri District was again bifurcated and Papumpare District was formed. Finally by a notification of Govt. Vide. No. DAD-30/98 dtd. 16th April 2001, Kurung Kumey District was further bifurcated and areas covered by the Koloriang Sub- Division and some portion of Ziro (Sadar) Sub-Division was formed a separate District.

PHYSIOGRAPHY:

            The Lower Subansiri District covers approximately an area of 3,460(Approx) Sq. km. The topography of the District is mostly mountaineous terrain, where the hill range varies approximately from 1000 to 1600 meters above sea level. A greater part of its falls within the Higher mountain Zone consisting of tangled peaks and valleys. Nature has gifted the heart land of the District in the form of magnificent plateau at above 1564 meters above sea level, where District Headquarter, Ziro is located

            The forest of the District are rich in valuable species of trees and different varieties of shrubs, cane and bamboo grow plenty and the exquisite floral treasures of wilder species may often be found in the shadowy recesses of the Forest. The Forest of the District has got great economic values and various type of wild game. The District is also rich in wild fauna such as tiger, panthers, leopard, cats, bear, boars, antelopes and barking deer etc. beautify this nature’s Zoological Garden.                                                                  

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            One of the main river of this District is Kamala. The origins of the river are from snow ranges of China (Tibet), which flows towards South-East and meets the Subansiri River at Raga Circle. The Subansiri River, at one time famous for its gold dust flows through the District and leaving the District at the Dollungmukh Circle. It ultimately joins the mighty Brahmaputra in plain of Assam. Khru, Panior, Kime, Panya, Selu, Pugo, Persen, Rein sipu, Pange, Kiile etc. river are also worth mentioning.

CLIMATE:

            The Climatic condition of the District varies from place to place, season to season. The climate is largely influenced by the nature of terrain depending upon altitude and location of place and it can broadly be divided into four seasons in a year generally (1) the cold weather season is from December to February, (2) March to May is the premonsoon season of thunders storm follows by (3) the South-West Monsoon from June to about to middle of October and (4) the second half of October to November which constitutes the post monsoon or the retreating monsoon period and is a period of transition. In the foot hills or low high belt area of the District, the climatic condition is moderate in comparison to high belt areas, where during winter is very cold and chill while in summer is pleasant. December and January are generally the coldest month and July and August are the warmest months.

            Annual rainfall in the South-East is heavier than that in the Northern areas of the District, Average Annual Rainfall of the District Headquarter, Ziro is recorded as 650.8 mm during 2013.

            Relative Humidity is always high through out the year except in the winter months being slightly less humid. In the cold season the sky is obscured in the morning due to lifted fog which clear with the advance of the day generally moderately clouded in the period of March to May, heavily clouded in the monsoon se4ason and clear or slightly clouded in the post monsoon season. Winds are generally light strong katabolic winds down the valleys are experienced as local effect produced by nature of terrain.

POPULATION (2001 CENSUS)

            As per 2011 census, Lower Subansiri District has recorded a population of 83030 comprising 41843 males and 41187 females. Of which 70224 (35460) males (+) 34764 females) are rural population spreading over 507 villages and12806 (6383 males(+) 6423 females) are urban population. The proportion of rural population of the district constitutes 34.57 percent. While the urban population constitute 15.42 percent. The district population accounts for 6 percent of total population of the State. The average density of population per Sq.km. is 24 for the district as compared to 17 persons for Arunachal Pradesh.   

Lower Subansiri District is comprised of 3(three) CD block with an area of approx. 3460 Sq.km. Out of CD blocks, Ziro-I CD block stands highest in rural population followed by Ziro-II and Tamen- Raga CD blocks.                                                             

As per 2011 census, the literate persons and percentage to the total population of the district excluding children’s in the age group (0-6) has been recorded as 54057 ( 48.40 %). The Rural literate persons and percentage of the district constitutes 44328 and 63.12 out of which, 29470 (54.51) are males and 24587 (45.48) are females. Urban population constitutes 9729 literates, the percentage being 75.97 to total urban population. Out of which, 5094 (52.35 % ) are males and 4636 (47.67 %) are females. The literacy rate of the district (Rural + Urban ) has increased from 48.41 percent in 2001 to 65.1 percent in 2011 census (excluding 0-6 years of age group ).

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            So far as CD Block-wise literacy rate is concerned, Ziro-I ranks first with 73.74  percent followed by Ziro-II (60.39 % ) and Tamen-Raga CD Block (48.98 % ). Decadal variation of population of the district is found to be (+ ) 49 percent over the last decade (2001-2011).while looking at the block level figures of decadal variation, it is observed that percentage of decadal variation is found to be highest in the Ziro-I CD block (71.44 % ) for the rural population followed by Tamen-Rga (+) 40.20 and Ziro-I (+) 26.20 CD blocks.

The sex ratio of the district is found to be 984 Females per 1000 males as compared to 938 Females per 1000 males for Arunachal Pradesh. It is noticed that the sex ratio for rural area of the district constitutes 980 females per 1000 males and sex ratio of Urban area of the district has recorded 1006 females per 1000 males. Out of 3 (three ) CD blocks, Tamen-Raga CD block ranks first in respect of sex ratio (999 females per 1000 males ) followed by Ziro-I CD block with 975 female per 1000 males and Ziro-II CD block with 975 females per 1000 males respectively.

There is no Schedule cast population in Lower Subansiri distt. as per 2011 Census.  72911 (87.81 %) to total population of the district. Out of which, 35803(41.2 %) are males and 37108 (49.69 %) are females as compared to 64.22 percent for Arunachal Pradesh. Total scheduled tribe population to total rural population has recorded 70124 persons (35460 male (+) 34764 females),the percentage being 42.70 (86.28 % males and 91.27 % females) Total scheduled tribe population to total urban population constitutes 8537 (3891 males and 4646 females ), the percentage being 45.57 males and 54.42.% females)

The total (Main (+) Marginal) workers in the district constitutes 30202 persons (17339 males and 12863 females), the percentage being 36.37(57 % males and 43 % females) as against 40.69 percent in 2001 census. Out of which, 30202 are main workers, 22669 are marginal workers and 7533 are non-workers. The total main workers to total rural population constitutes 33.6 percent, the males being 61 percent and females 39 percent, marginal workers recorded 9 percent (46 % males and 54 % females) and total non-workers recorded 63.6 percent (46.3 % males and 53.6% females)The total main workers to the total urban population indicates 35.28 percent (67 % males and 33% females ),marginal workers recorded 9% percent 46 % males and 54 % females ) and non-workers recorded 63.6% percent (46.38 % males and 53.6 % females ) In case of CD block-wise percentage of main workers to total population and total workers to total population, it is noticed that Ziro-I CD block stands first (13.96 % )followed by Ziro-II  CD block (7.60% ) and Tamen-Raga CD block (5.72 % ) respectively.

The district Headquarter, Ziro was declared as Urban during 1991 census of India and rest circles are still considered as Rural.